Krakow farewell to the Habsburgs – plus.dziennikpolski24.pl
Krzysztof Kłoć
Demonstrations, riots, broken windows, insulated and deliberations, sent back to Vienna or state decorations ostentatiously carried on the streets of the city, parades and finally big rallies. In 1919, Krakow and its inhabitants began to say farewell to the Habsburgs.
From the beginning of 1918, in the fourth year of the war, he was appointed, a new place in the Krakow air – still clean – the beginning of a breakthrough. This breakthrough began to materialize with the fact that the central states – the German Reich and Austro-Hungary – were taking place in Brześciuski with representatives of the recently established Ukrainian People’s Republic. The first news that reached the problematic, organized, and unclear Brest. Then, however, on Sunday, February 10, in Krakow, she cooed: “Central States, times, peace with Ukrana!” On the occasion of Lviv of Peace, the governorship we serve has ordered flags – governmental and private cities. All of Galicia, and Krakow among its cities, were getting ready to celebrate. However, short to the language, because preparations for Krakow are already on the territory of the Brześć state, and in them the information that the Chełm region and part of Podlasie are related to the Ukrainian state …
The first manifestations
“Chełmszczyzna, Podlasie and Grodno devoted to Ukraine”; “The Division of Poland”; “The surrender of the Chełm land against the historical law of Poles”; “A depressing impression in Polish circles in Vienna,” press headlines reported. From the morning of February 11, there was disbelief and depression in Krakow on the one hand, and on the other hand against – indignation and the will to vote and protest against the decisions of Berlin and Vienna. Despite the appeals of the authorities, the first demonstrations take place in Krakow. Interestingly, at the behest of the City Presidium, the flags hung out on the last day and the evening performances were removed from the buildings, and the premises were closed. On that day, social events took place in Magów, a meeting in which representatives of all main currents of Galician politics appeared – from conservators of all main trends. A resolution circulating around Poland we Vienna “to bring a solemn and most energetic protest in the recorded House of Members of the House of Members of the unparalleled sudden change of the division of Poland” was jointly pounded.
In order to gain access to the streets of Krakow, residents protested. Professor Władysław Konopczyński noted the city in his diary that “I added about the demolition of the Prussian office and part of ul. Indeed, the office looks like a wagon of the imperial-royal state railway with broken windows. The Krakow city council has announced that at the concert so far, it will pass a resolution to change the name of 5 (now Starowiślna) street to Chełmska street. On the street pole, keeping the pole, the President of the City signed by Jan Kanty Federowicz, Józef Sare and Karol Rolle, in which they called for peace, together with the information that there is a protest against the decisions in Krakow. The situation of Krakow’s streets, however, is so simple that the city has decided that you are thinking about the life of a watchdog that will help you.
Revolution
Meanwhile, things were gaining momentum. February 13 this year. “Social and Democratic Party” “Universal unemployment” on February 18. On the same day, all Krakow political parties announced a great national demonstration in the press – an anti-Brzeg protest in Krakow. Among the national warehouses by successive repeated messages about the city’s personalities and the national orders of the associations to Charles I in protest of the Central Powers’ database with Ukraine. “Excellency Długosz sent back one order – we read in the press – although other, as it is mentioned in the letter, he was robbed of his honweds”. Anti-German sentiments also grew near Wawel. Odwieczora February 17 Krakow “Preview with the impressions of the approaching day of protest against the de-winding of the Chełm and Podlasie lands”. Władysław Leopold Jaworski noted in his diary: “Tomorrow is to be general. It is up to a revolution. In Austria, we are equal to the Czechs. There must be repression and the incredible growth of the Ruthenians. What a disaster. I have to look at the rubble of the house I built myself. “
On February 18, on the day of the speech, at the place where they had the city council, which had the right to vote, “outraged by the act of rape, the most holy were trampled on, because the naturalness of the nation to its Polish through bloody sweat and bloody Polish blood”. Krakow’s Jews also protested against the Brest peace, and the Jagiellonian University also protested. The main hall of the Collegium Novum cannot accommodate everyone, it was necessary to hide other rooms.
From the morning, services for the homeland were held in the church in Krakow, and at the same time crowds of Krakow citizens were gathering on the street of the city, wanting to take part in the demonstration. The workers themselves gathering in front of the sick, the so-called Workers’ House at ul. Dunajewski was estimated at 40,000 people. No workshop – “not gladly in the pages” of “Naprzodu” – no office is working “. The workers marched along Floriańska Street towards the Market Square. Among the walls of the Old Town they ended with the words “Red Banner”, here and there you could also hear “Oh hello, gentlemen, magnates”. Before 11.00 crowd to ul. Grodzka and the Church of St. Wojciech, employees planned to develop, where, when his companions, who were women, still in the flagship of the PPSD, stood at the monument of Mickiewicz, while the division of workers and the monument itself was created by railwaymen.
Manifestation
They waited at the beginning of the leaders’ demonstrations in Krakow, which took place, and after going to the commencement of work at the excursion hours. 11.00 a.m. The market was already back then. Before the appointed time from St. Anny, a procession led by the Jagiellonian University headed by Rector Kazimierz Żorawski. The university is located in the vicinity of the guardhouse on the side of the Cloth Hall. Further, also along Św. Anny, Szło Clergy, Kraków vice-presidents and city councilors, Kraków poviat council, heads of offices and officials, merchant congregation, agricultural society, presidium of the Jewish religious community, chambers – lawyers and notaries, shooting society, and finally school teachers. This group took place on the line from St. Anna to the exit of ul. Bracka. From ul. Szewska, in turn, Krakow’s corporations, associations and indicators entered the market, positioning themselves between Szewska and Wiślna streets. The youth school walked along Szczepańska Street, ul. Sławkowska, women’s unions and associations staffed the AB factory in the store. Veterans of the January Uprising decided to take part in the demonstration in the same place.
Ten minutes past At 11.00 am, the melody “God, something Poland” resounded from the St. Mary’s Tower, and after the crowd sang the song by the crowd, politicians and activists began their speeches. The proclamation of the absolute Polish Circle was read from all the stands, in which the Circle proclaimed “in the voting of the Polish partition at the level of a solemn protest against the treaty in Brest and the same method of walking in this party”. This is how the speakers spoke.
After the end of all the speeches, “Rota”, “Because, something Poland” was sung, the robot was also chanted “” “The Sorcerer” and a solemn ceremonial oath of bindings was made to execute the whole country. The manifestation was attended by a total of tens of thousands of inhabitants, the state of you at that time was around 180,000 people, Kraków.
The end of an era
With the demonstration on the Market Square on February 18 and the visits to those days of the demonstration, the management of the epoch in the history of Krakow ends, with the management of Krakow, which was not only the masses on the market, but also an imminent visit – visits by Juliusz Lea, a few more organizers and participants of the great manifestation – Lucjan Rydel. The Krakow of the Habsburgs, autonomy, and finally the Stańczyki were ending, the ten visible and loud February counterpoint in the history of the city will come to pass in the fall of 1918. A factual punch line – like Antoni Stawarz’s speech with military groups, taking over the city with science, the establishment of the Polish Liquidation Commission, as well as a symbolic punch line – with inscriptions on Krakow’s streets: “Down with the Bobrzyńscy! Down with the dirty hands politics! ”.
However, more than a hundred years after these events, not so long ago, we had an imperial face with characteristic sideburns on a mineral bottle, we sip the imperial and royal taste for a beer, an operator on Floriańska and on Grodzka streets, and we eat imperial schnitzel. To the world Krakow, subconsciously sighing to the spirit and tradition of Galicia, which the great Habsburg embodies. Until the times when Krakow is always provincial, however, it is equally great … The malicious whispers in the Market Square and its neighboring pubs, settled by changes in the state, that there are also some near Wawel, who today keep the relics of the portrait of Franciszek Józef, torn by students of the Jagiellonian University in autumn 1918. The year in which Krakow said goodbye to the Habsburgs. But did he say goodbye to Galicia? This is a topic to consider.