Socialism, attacks, Poland. Józef Piłsudski. Young years of Piłsudski
Józef Piłsudski is one of the most important figures in our history. When there have already been several publications about him, one of them is Piłsudski’s activity during the First World War and in the interwar period. Let’s take a look at how to lead Józef Piłsudski’s path to the Polish Socialist Party, Legions and independent Poland.
Young Piłsudski
Józef Piłsudski was born on December 5, 1867 in Zułów, in Lithuania. His family used Piłsudski’s coat of arms. Józef’s father, Józef Wincenty, firm in the January Uprising; He was the commissioner of the National Government for the Rosie county. Józef’s mother, the future Marshal, was Maria née Billewicz. Józef was the fourth child of the Piłsudskis. He had 11 siblings in total. One of his brothers was Bronisław, a famous anthropologist, ethnologist and researcher of the Ainu people.
The family was doing well. The children were educated and then converted to languages: German and French. In the mid-1870s, the family’s material cooperation began to improve. The misfortunes were completed by a fire in Zułów, which forced the Piłsudski family to move to Vilnius.
In Vilnius, Józef Piłsudski, together with his brother Bronisław, attended a gymnasium. It was there that Józef first encountered aggressive Russification, which was “cared for” by the teachers employed at the school. Even when the chief found strong resistance to the language and patterns instilled in Poles by Russia. On the wave of rebellion, Józef and Bronisław founded a self-education circle called “Spójnia”, whose member is bringing Polish books to Vilnius.
In 1885, Józef passed his final exams and medical studies at the Kharkiv Imperial University. In Kharkiv, he transported students to underground organizations. He was interested in the activities of various groups. Several times he participated in a meeting of the revolutionary Russian organization Narodnaya Volya.
On March 22, 1887, Józef Piłsudski was arrested. The tsarist police accused him of co-organizing a plot against the tsar’s life. Piłsudski, as part of the action for the members of Narodna Wola – was their execution after Vilnius, but his brother, Bronisław (later exiled to Siberia) was involved in the assassination much earlier. After arriving in the Peter and Paul Fortress to the prison in St. Petersburg, Józef Piłsudski declared exile deep into Russia for 5 years. In December 1887, Józef, together with other exiles, began in Kireńsk, the place of hard labor.
Polish Socialist Party
Józef Piłsudski returned to Vilnius in July 1892. They did not withdraw from underground activity – quite the contrary; became even more involved. Piłsudski then became interested in the socialist movement; he co-founded the Polish Socialist Party (PPS was founded on November 17-23, 1892 in Paris). Piłsudski wrote for the underground magazine “Przedświt”, and from 1894 he was the editor-in-chief of “Robotnik”.
On May 24, 1899, Józef Piłsudski converted to Lutheranism. who was an evangelical of Maria Juszkiewicz, née Koplewska, an activist of the Polish Socialist Party, who was an evangelical. The couple’s wedding took place in July 1899. After him, the Piłsudskis settled in Łódź.
In the city from the pages of the novel “The Promised Land” Piłsudski effectively issuing “Robotnik” for a secret printing house (officially he introduces himself to a lawyer). The PPS letter was finally exposed, and Piłsudski, together with the arrest warrant, was exposed on the night of February 21/22, 1900.
Piłsudski was imprisoned in the Lodz prison on Gdańska Street, later he was transferred to the 10th Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel. There he began to simulate psychic. The plan worked. Piłsudski moved to a hospital in St. Petersburg, from where he managed to get help thanks to the help of a Polish doctor. Piłsudski stayed in London for some time, but soon returned to Poland. Since 1902, PPS has been publishing new magazines – “Walka”.
In early 1904, war broke out between Russia and Japan. Piłsudski and many other PPS activists are told that this is the perfect moment to provoke a rebellion in the country, and even to overthrow the tsar. The PPS began to prepare to organize combat units. They also wanted to get Japan to cooperate. In return for providing intelligence by the Poles, the Japanese were to conduct an investigation into Poland’s independence for the detection of the crime.
In the same year, i.e. 1904, Piłsudski went to Tokyo to talk to a representative of the Japanese movement, e.g. on the Polish military contingent in Japan. Roman Dmowski, a representative of National Democracy, went on the same journey at that time. The group’s goals, however, were of a completely different opinion that the Russian-war period is not the best time to start a rebellion in the country and advised the Japanese against creating Polish troops for their country.
After the outbreak of the 1905 revolution, Piłsudski switched off the Conspiracy and Combat Organization, and later the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party. His partial new tactics: to shake the tsar from within, to destroy the myth of its power, to intimidate the tsar’s dignitaries. The PPS went, de facto, to what we would act today as ‘terrorist’ activities. will soon begin to act on the tsar’s officials, trains were attacked and county offices. Among the most famous combat actions, the PPS stayed near Rogow, Bezdany and Sławków. The release of 10 from Pawiak was loud.
Cooperation with Austria and the Union of Active Struggle
At that time, Piłsudski met Aleksandra Szczerbińska, with whom he started an affair. However, he was always married to Maria Juszkiewiczowa. An informal relationship between Piłsudski and Szczerbińska until 1921, when the first wife of the Head of State died (on October 25, 1921, Piłsudski remarried).
In April 1905, Piłsudski appeared at a conference of Russian socialist and revolutionary parties in Geneva, with Vladimir Lenin. At that time, there were first misunderstandings among PPS activists. In November 1906 part was damaged. Piłsudski headed the PPS-Revolutionary Faction. The rest are active, the rest of the PPS.
From mid-1906, Piłsudski began to make contact with intelligence. The effects of it finally came in the following October of the same year. Piłsudski and other PPS-FR activists offered their service to Austria for effective information transfer about Russia in exchange for “certain common services”.
In June 1908, Józef Piłsudski founded the Union of Active Struggle in Lviv, headed by Kazimierz Sosnkowski (this was to be the nucleus of the Polish army). In Piłsudski’s intention, ZWC was to gather not only PPS candidates, but also activists of various groups and organizations, such as the Riflemen’s Association in Lviv, the “Strzelec” Society in Kraków, and the Polish Rifle Teams.
The world war was fast approaching. The situation in Europe, starting a decade ago, is increasingly tense. Piłsudski at that time (around 1912) organized a paramilitary group in Galicia. products were also made far from the country – in Belgium, Belgium or France.
On August 28, 1914, World War I broke out. Many Poles were already “under arms”, e.g. thanks to the involvement of Piłsudski, who noticed in this conflict the perpetrators of regaining independence by Poland. The Great War lasted much longer than anyone expected. The road to Polish freedom was still long.
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